Method of testing electrical conductors.



H.IW.PRENDLYL METHOD OF TESTING ELECTRICAL CONDCTORS. APPLICATION FILED MAX/31,1911.

LWMUM Patented Dec. i6, 1913.

2 SIBE'ESmSHEET l. @Y N F1111 u 3* EL 4 l mywllllllllllHpl H. M. FRIENDLY.

METHOD 0F TESTING ELECTRICAL GONDUCTORS.

APPLICATION FILED MMM, mil,

LHLUW Patented Dec. 16, 1913.

2 SHEETS--SHEET 2.

HEREERT M. FRIENDLY,

OF PORT-LAND, OREGON.

'METHOD F TESTNQ ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS.

Specification of Letters Patent;

Patented Dec. 16, 1913.

applicano inea nay fn, 191i. semi No. 630,533.

To all whom t may concern:

Be it known that I, Hanauer M. FmnNnLr, a citizen of the United States oi America, and a resident of Portland, county ol` Mule nomah, and State of Oregon, have invented a new and useful Improvement in Methods of 'Iesting` Electrical Conductors, of which the following is a specification.

My invention relatesI to improved testing' devices and methods employed in measuring resistance and. insulation and in the location ot' faults in elctrical conductors.

My improvement relates to that. class of instruments which comprises voltmeters, gah vanometers, or similar testing instruments, and is particularly adapted lor general use in laboratory testing and tor use by Wire chiefs in telephone and telegraph service.

The principal object ot my invention is the minimizing or total elimination of mathematical processes in determining resistance values, and especially the simplification of the process ol" determining the resistance of a conductor from the point of measurement to a point of fault, particularly where the resistance of the fault is unknown.

In some classes of Work, such as in the niaintenance of telephone exchanges, it is necessary that many conductors be placed under test daily. It is important that such Work be conducted with the greatest possible rapidity, and therefore by the simplest and most direct methods and apparatus consistent with accuracy. The desirability. of eliminating mathematical processes is obvious and the advantages of making the measurements by means ot' simple Voltmeter readings rather than by the more elaborate VVheatstone bridge method of determination is equally apparent.

Voltmeters as commonly made have what may be called an active coil, which is usually, but not necessarily, movable, and which, due to the ,electromagnetic action set up by a current flowing in it, causes a cer tain movement of a needle or other indicator, the amount of this movement being; dependent vupon the strength of current flowing through the coil. Flille instrument is aually calibrated to read directly in volts or fractions thereof, lthough it is essenti ily a current n'ieasuri ini rument. It also customa, y to employ a rr tance/cla ment within the instrument in series With the active coil or winding; to reduce er restrict thc amount of current that may flow through the instrument `and for other.reasons; and when this is done the instrument is so calibrated as to read directly in Volts the electrical pressure or drop in voltage .across the terminals of the combined active and inactive coils rather than across those ot' the active coil alone.

Ordinarily in voltmcters of this type the inactive resistance Within" the meter is definitely fixed at the time when the instrument is finally calibrated or if made adjustable at all is made to. have several possible definitely lined values so as to alter the significance of the scale readings and therefore increase the range ot' the instrument. ly my invention I provide for a Wide range ol variable adjustment of the inactive resistance within the voltmeter, making it possible when the instrument is used in series with a given external resistance to substitute a variable internal rcsistance for the external resistance, or vice versa. I also divide the active coil `of the voltmeter in such a manner as to make it particularly adaptable for the null or zero deflection method of measurements. By combining in a single instrument the direct deflection and the null or zero deflection methods, I am enabled, as I will point out, to arrive directly at the desired quantitative measlnenient without the use of mathematical formulae or conversion tables.

Referring to the drawingswhich accompany this specification: Figure l shows in simplified form the circuit arrangement of one form of my testing apparatus as applied to 'fault location on a line; Fig. 2 shows the 'circuit of the same testinpr instrumentarranged with a convenient grouping of` keysfor accomplishing the various desirable circuit changes; Fig. 3 shows a modification ot my testing apparatus; and Fig. 4 a still further modification.

Referring to Fig. l, 20 isthe active coil ol" the voltmeter or equivalent measuring instrun'ient. In order to adapt this instrument to null methods, `I divide its active wimling, preferably giving each 'division the same number of turns and also the same resistance, although obviously inequality in` resistance might be compensated for by proper proportionmg ofthe inactive resist ances. The terminals of the active windings are indicated at 23, 24 and 25; being that oljv the neutral point of the winding.

portion in the circuit on one side of the active winding, and the other portion on the other side. Where the active coil is equahy'divided a's to resistance and number of-turns, the two portions of the inactive Winding are made equal. One-half of this inactive' resistance is indicated at 2l and ffthe'other halt is comprised in theiixed resistaiice 22, and the adjustable resistances in vthe form of rheostats 267 27, 28 and 29. Re-

sistancQf-s 21 and 22 are used in the calibration et the instrument before leaving the factory, and when finally adjusted at the factory may be considered as fixed in amount and unadjustable. W'ith the rheostat arms each at zero there is the same total resistance value in each branch of the voltmeter circuit. That is, there is the same resistance between the point 24 and the binding post'Bl as there is between the point 24 and the binding post 30. It is to be noted that in the arrangement of Fig. 1 the rheostat arms, when set at zero, include all of the rheostat'resistances in their circuit, and that the adjustment of the rheostat arms t0 any other than the zero position serves to remove resistance from that branch ot the circuit, the corresponding rheostat reading indicating the amount of removed resistance lrather than the amount of included resistance.

' The neutral point 24 ot' the active coil is brought out to a binding post- 32, and, if desired, some intermediate point of the fixed winding 2l may be brought out to another bindingl post- 33 so as to give the instrument, when used as a voltmeter, a double range of readings.

The voltmeter proper is preferably calibrated to read, directly in volts, the pressure across the binding posts 30 and 3l when all of the rheostat arms stand at zero, or, in other words. when all of the inactive resistance is included in circuit with the active coil. lVhen so used the division of the acv tive coil oit' the meter is without function, v the two divisions acting together as a single for a given voltage is, neglecting the internal resista-nce of the source:

where R is the external resistance 1- tne resistance of the testing instrument; V the voltage of the source; and 'u the resulting readingof the instrument. The internal resistance of' the Source of electromotive force, which is usually a battery, may, for practical purposes, be neglected Without appreciable error. Thus, as is Well known, it is possible to calculate the resistance of a circuit under observation if the impressed voltage, the internal resistance of the instrument and the deection be known. The volt-meter is extensively used for this and similar purposes in connection with apparatus and circuits, and, as ordinarily made, is a valuable aid in determining the existance, character and location of faults My improvement does not impair or limit their usefulness in tests usual with such instruments, but it does extend their adaptability to the execution of tests not made before by voltmeters or instruments of that class.`

Tov illustrate the operation of my invention, it will be assumed that it is desired to locate a ground fault on a loop conductor. This loop may be an ordinary metallic circuit pair with a' fault or' artial ground on one side, or it may be ormed by a faulty wire looped together with a good wire. In either case the condition is that represented at the right of Fig. -1. The loop to be tested is connected, as show-n in Fig. l, to the binding posts 30 and 31, the test battery being connected between lthe binding post 32 and the ground.

Under these conditions7 current will flow from the battery through the twoA active windings of the voltmeter in multiple,

through the two branches of inactive Winding in multiple, and through the two portions of the loop in multiple to ground at the fault. path comme-n to the two branches over which this current flows. Resistanceis then removed from the rheostat by turning to the right the various arms until the vneedleor indicator of the voltineter returns to Zero-j When this condition is reached, assuming that the voltmeter windings are equally divided, there will be the same flow of current through each of Athe active windings, these currents opposingf and neutralizint,r each others eii'ects, and therefore producingr no movement of the needle. When this equalization of current between the two limbs has been attained,= it follows that an equalization of resistance in the two limbs from the batterv to the fault has been at- TheI fault is thus a part of the l Irl manana 'lainofL hnl: in, w'tli tina rliooslat so adjust @d ille resistance from lll@ poinl; 2l io tho 'fault is lie Saulo in nach gialli. lt is; io bo noted limi the indication oil rho rlieoslal' will ben noi` lion' much resistance is included in tlio rheoatat. but lion' much luis boon rifn'lovoil from in This remorod resistance, no indicated, i'ill equal lli@ resistance in uo ioop nndrr lest from ille point of 'fault on Tlw faulty wir@ 'o lli@ poiniJ on lie good wirr ille same in rc afanes from 30 as lha vil'ault is oni 3l. H the good and flue 'faulty wirofs aro of lili@ Saune resislaiioo por unil' longtli and ille distaiit`oinls of l'lio two Wires are joined Wiliout resialanoo line anio'unt .so out oui by llio rlioosiat and indicaed by it will be t'lie reaistunco of iho remote muloi' the, loop fronillie 'fault io a point on the rood wire which is llo same disimulo liroin as ille fault is from 3l. lin oiluer words, assauninfe; uniform and equal insistance per unil longlli of the two wires and anaun'xing iii-ai ihr-,y follow ih@ Sarno rout?. as is usually lne rane` l'lio rouislanoo so oui; ouli ifi-oni lli@ rlieoul'al will be thai' oi tlio remote- Vend of lli@ loop from lli@ failli lo a point on -'na rood wir@ opposite l1-lio lafuil. Frou; liif i1 follmvn ilxa l; iono-nalil oli lilo rlu?i onal running will lu: ouuallo lli@ rosinunco oi ono wiro iiroin mo iiaullr tothe (lislunlzon on wlioli rlwovrui reading will no equal lo llicloon rfa islzanoo from lli@ fault lo ilu y alial'ani @non Frrnn iliona ronsidonitions it lioiiows 'lL-lint flio amount oil resist-uno@ out ouir o causo a Zoro reading of the infelrulnoni @unal to ille iolal rosiniance of the loop nuA (lor loslininus Vtwicrv the resistance ol" one wir@ i'ron'l ille. inrrumont lo the 'failli'. if now5 by suilalilo switching arrango/inou@ tho bai'ory be disconnooieil 'from lili@ ground and from lli@ center point oli the voltnioior winding' anw instead, loo oonneood in @arios in lili@ Oi'rouil which inrludosa lhe limiting inslruincnl. and die loop under tent, leaving lli@ rlieoslial' with lilo adjustment attained in llw lirn test, the deflection niiliol of olinorvniion rather than lie null lneil'uxl 'muy lio praotiowl. li' io lio remembered inaiilw voirn'iotor is calibrated no l'ha'l iin remlings will liano a certain known sigfniioauco uvl'uen all of the rlieoslat resistance is included in the internal circuit of the instrumont as a part of the inactive winding. Bult :l bart of lille rlieostal; 'rosislanoo has been Irmnorvafl and illu? amount thai han been f i'lio suino an Huil"` which would be obtained.-

n'il'l'i lilio .normal voltan'a and ille normal nosinon o'lllie rlieoaal.. nrnerion Witli'an of;- ornal remaining@ equal to twin that oi; one

boing broken.

wir@J from lfinllng poniy ie lauln 'l`l1'iav roadin, izliorofore, if l ined lo the Qluaion above mentioned, will giife twice lli@ resistance oi' ilial lorliion oi' lli@ faulty wir@ from the! tosti. inslrunloulto 'l'lie fanli. (')IovionlY all juniilionuilcal computation may lio avoided by marking' tho soule oiz the vollnuel'er no that ilu: position of ille pointer will indiani@ directly the amount of rosilanro in lli@ circuit in excess oli ino normal internal resistance oillA lio instrument, or of oven grantor convenience, indicate di ri/ally just ono-hallz that anioun. ln this latter rane the rollnielor readingv would show directly ille rr, nance on llxc 'faulty wir@ from lli@ fof-Sli insl'rument l'o ilw lnull. Carrying' iliis idea of special calibration still iaartlier. tlio vollnioter scalo lnin'ln` be so marked 'as lo indicate direct-ly in foot, or other nnii, of longtlifiilie (lintanco from the innlrumont io llie point of failli, in accordanre with on@I or moro oi the most cornlnonly used sizes of roiuluolicnx '.llio iuolliod just rloacrilioil iurolrf-S the employment' of ille null or :foro (iolimrion' niolxoil lo determini ilio amount oi rraisl :nine in lille rnioo end oi: the loop, w., the portion of llio loop lioyonl illu. fault; nucl ilufn l'llo diront rloiootion inofliori, auloatih tuiing tho previousixv' ascertained insistance of tlm ramon; mul nl tlw loop' for a 'porti-ion ol" tls@ iniferual rozsislianoo of ihn volllnetor, no l'lla, ilu: iraniano@ of llux noa and oli lli@ loop may no directly (intox-mined.

The innlrunienh in capable oli l'fllo following' altrrnao nul'lioil olf use: llllilh ilu: lino lo bo iii-ruled oonnoclod as shown in. lig. l, alie battery is; applied between ground and The bindinlgg; posil 32 :is before. llesistan'co is than ourv our. of the rlieostat unlil ilwre is: Zero .d ion of the indicator, 'lhe :unoun of resistance so cuil out (the resislanco oi? lie ramone ond ol.5 the loop) is noted, and Lilo rlioogiial arms are returned lo non mal so as to vinclude all ille rlnmnlal; rrssliance. 'Tino connections are thon changed so as lo include the battery in srrios in llio` circuit onlinr lent, tlio ground connection Resistance is again ruty oul of the rlieoatat unlil a deflection is attained equal lio thai which would bo proiluoml Wore' tho battery placed (lirool'ly aurons tho lorniinuls il() and, 3l willi tho rlioosii'al rosiulanoo normal. i lwiously tlioamoulu` o'lfrowistanoo oulout` oli ilio rliroslal. in lllis caso in equal lo Jflio loop rosisjlanco oi' llre emiro loop under toni'. sinoo flux. lino loop has; simply been reni'slancc.. 'ily Sublruftinf lfno liral. rlfafling of llio rlieoslai from llio sconrl, a rraull is Sourefl wliiolnL is twice llio. rosisi'unrfo *from 3' iio ino fault, or if lioill wires uro oli equal roainlanoo per uni longl'li, is @qual lo llio loon ruf-listan@ io the point of iauli'. ,'iliis mrftliodB il, is noon, involves the omploymon;

lill] ill() of the null or zero defiection method to determine the amount of resistance in the relmote end of the loop and then the direct tion would be'retained during the second` operation, which latter would'be made by means of the added rheostat units 45, 46, l? and 4S. if the first rheostat be left at the adjustment secured by using the null method, this representing the resistance of the remote end of the loop, then when the second adjustment is made with the second rheostat, the sum of the two rheostat readings will represent the total resistance of the loop, and the second rheostat alone will therefore represent the resistance of the nearer end of the loop; that is, the resistance of the loop between the binding posts of the instrument-and the point of fault. This seco-nd rheostat may be graduated to indicate one-half the resistance that is cut out of it, and therefore afford a direct reading of the resistance of one wire of the loop from the point of test to the fault. Similarly it may be graduated to indicate distances on a given size of line wire. It is to be borne in mind t-hat the total amount of resistance cut out in order to obtain the second adjustment, that is, the combined resistance cut out of the two rheostats, will always be equal to or greater than the amount cut out to obtain the first balance.

It will be equal only when the fault is at the terminal of the instrument, animprobable condition.

In lieu of using the two independent rheostats in series as just described, a rheostat, such as is shown in my application, Serial Number 378,196, may be used. This is a single rheostat, having at least nineteen unit steps for each arm, and provided 'with a movable scale graduated from zero up. With this arrangement the zero graduation of the movable scale is moved opposite the rheostat arm pointer at the position of first setting, and the second reading is taken starting from this first setting as a. new starting point, thus ignoring the stationary or absolute 'graduations and reading the second or final value from the movable scale. This second or final value then denotes the difference between the first reading and the actual or absolute value as read from the stationary scale.

Terminal 33 is shown tapping the resistance 21, so that, if desired, the internal resistance of the instrument may be reduced, thus giving the voltmeter scale divisions a vdifferent significance, as is common practice .applied between the point 2l and ground,

the balancing of the resistances when a low resistance line is under test will be 4more, readily accomplished if the internal resistance ofthe instrument also is low.

Fig. et showsa modification in which the resistance 49 comprises the entire normal resistance Vbetween points 25 and 30. In other words, the rheostat decades in their normal positions include no resistance, but actas in an ordinary rheostatto cut in resistance in amgunts as indicated by the positions of the arms. In this case with the rhcostat at norual or zero position, the resistance 49 is in itself a balance to the resistance 21 with respect to the active windings of the voltmeter when connectedl for null methods.

The instrument thus arranged may be used as follows: To locate a fault ena wire of a pair, the faulty wire is connected with binding post 30 and the good wire with 31. lVith battery applied between post 32 and ground, as shown in Fig. 4, a balance is obtained by cutting resistance into the rheostat. Obviously in this case the resistance cut in to secure a balance is equal to the resistance of the portion of the circuit beyond the fault, thatis of the remote portion of the circuit from the fault on the faulty conductor to a point on the good conductor equal in resistance from 3l asthe fault is from 30. Noting this resistance, a new vtest is made by applying battery in series with the instrument and the loop under test and noting the deflection while the rheostat arms are at normal. Then with the binding posts 30 and 3l short-circuited, the rheostat is adjusted until the same deflection is obtained as that through the loop. This latter rheostat reading will indicate the total resistance of the loop. The amount of resistance first introduced, in applying the null method, subtracted from this latter indication, will give a value twice that of the resistance to v the fault on the faulty wire, since it is the l difference between the total resistance of the loop and that of the remote section' of the loop. l

It is obvious that if the instrument connected and arranged as shown in Fig. 1 be provided with a set of reverse rheostat marl(- ings, then that arrangement is capable not onlyof the methods` of operation already toename attributed to it, but also of the niethod just described for the arrangement of Fig. Il.

Byreverserheostat markings is meant ninnbering thevcontaot studs from zero to 'ten in the reverse direction from that indicated in Fig. 1.A In this ease one set ot' markings would be as indicated on Fig. l and each number in the reverse set would be theditference between ten and the marking shown. Thus the stud marked ,l would also be marked O; stud 9 would also be marked l, and so on, thesum of the two 'markings always being ten. These reverse dcsignations may be placed on the inner side oi' the circle of the studs. It then the contact arms be placed opposite the respective zeros oi' the null scale, the rheostat would include no resistance and by revolving the arms in a connterclockwise direction, resistance would be cut in, as described in connection with Fig. el, and the position of the arms would, by the inner set of markings, always indicate the amount ot' resistance included, just as by the outer set of markings they would indicate the au onnt of resistance excluded. To give the instrument a wider range, the resistance Q2 of Fig. 1 may have i'n series with it a normally shortLcircuited resistance equal to the total resistance of 'the rhcostat. Then if the rheostat is to be cut out, or worked from zero resistance up, as in Fig. 4, this short-circuit around the resistance associated with 22 may be removed', thus giving the required balance between the two sides of the circuit when the rheo stat resistance at fzero.

The switching arrangements which I have shown in Fig. 2 are those` which I have found convenient for making the desired cir- 40 cuit changes described with the necessary ra pidity. The exact switchingmechanism to be employed is subject to a wide degree of variation, both as to eiircuit arrangement and ine-- chanieal construction. In the arrangement shown, key 3!) lsta reversing key capable of rcversmg theI line connections with respect to the instrument circuits. The plug 40 isfor convenience inconnecting the terminals of the testing and switching apparatus with the terminals of the line to be tested, it being assumed in this case that the tested-line sails in a spring-jack as in telephone-practice. Key 38 is designed vto connect this plug to other leads 41, so as readily to eonneet a telephone or a calling generator or other apparatus ,with the line.1 Vith the long springs of key 38 in contact with the corresponding outside springs, the 'voltmeter is placed in series with the plug, and there# fore with the connected line. Key 35 is adapted to apply the voltlneter in series \with the battery between the tipof the plug and the ground (keys 37 and 38 being h eld depressedat the same time). Depressing keys 38 and 34 applies the live pole of the grounded test battery through the center point et the active winding, the path their dividing between the rheostats 2G, 27,. 2S and 29," and the resistance 9,1. Siinultaneously depressing keys 38 and 37 connects the battery in series with. the two windings ot' the voltn'ieter and the inactive resistances, making the instrument a failable for direct deflection readings through the cir-- cuit connected with the plu'.

The arrangement shown is typical of many that might be devised for conveniently making the circuit commutations necess-ary for the application ot my method of testing.

Having thus described my invention, what l claim as new and desire to secure by -United States Letters Patent is l. In a testing instrumenti pair oft line terminals; an active meter winding having two sections connected in series; a rosistanco connected between one of said line termin-als and. one side ot said meter winding; an adjustable resistance between the other ot said line terminals and the other side ol" said meter Winding; a source'of current; circuit conductors, and a vswitching device adapted to connect said source alternati-ily for differential current flow thrmigh the two sections ot' said active winding for null methods of observations, and in series with said active winding and said resistance for direct deflection observations.

2. ln a testing instrlnnent, a pair of line terminals; an active meter winding having' two sections; a fixed resistance on one side and an adjustable resistance on the other side of said meter winding, said winding and resistances being connected togethcrin series between said line terminals; a source ot current; circuit conductors, and a switching device adapted to connect. :aid source alternately for differential current l'low through the two sections ot said winding in multiple for null methods ot observations, and in series with said winding and said resistanccs tor direct deflect-ion observations.

3. ln a, testing instrumei'it, a pair ot line terminals; an active meter windil'ig having two sections; a fixed resistance on one side and au adjustable resistance on the other side i? said meter winding, said winding and said rcsistances being connected together in series between 'said line terminals; a ground terminal; a source ot current; circuit cdnduotors, and switching devices adapted to connect said source alternately between said ground terminal and the point ot intersection ot said meter windings t'or null meth nds ot observation, and in series witlrsaid winding and said resistance t'or direct deflection methods. p

1l. ln a testing instrument, an active meter winding; a lined and an adjustable resistance connected in series Awith said wind Mld ing on opposite sides thereof; means for connecting said winding and said resistances in series across the two terminals of a faulty circuit to' be tested; a source of current, and means for alternately connecting said source of current in series with said meter winding and resistances for direct deiiection observations, and between an intermediate point in said meter winding and ground for null methods of observation.

5. In a testing instrument, an active winding; a .fixed and an adjustable resistance connected in series with said winding onl opposite sides thereof; means for connecting' .said winding and said resistances in series across the two terminals of the circuit to be tested; a source of current; switching devices for alternately connecting said source of current in series with said meter winding and resistance fordirect deflection observa.- tions, and means for alternately connecting said source between an intermediate point in said meter winding and a third conductor for null methods of observation, the two resistances on the two sides of said meter winding being so proportioned to each other and to the respective sections of the active winding as to produce a balance with respect to the differential flow in 4the portions of said active winding when said adjustable resistance isin itsnormal condition and when switching means for connecting said source of current.l said meter winding and said resistances in series with the two wires of a faulty circuit under test and or alternately connecting said source of cui rent between a third conductor and the intersection of said meter winding sections.

Signed by me at Portland, county of Multnomah, and State of Oregon, in the presence of two witnesses.. a

E. J. BRENNAN, l M. S. Firmware?.` 

